Resumo: Introdução: A investigação sobre a primeira fase do confinamento devido à COVID-19 em Itália mostrou que se observou um aumento da suscetibilidade a problemas de saúde mental (SM) na população. Na mesma amostra, investigámos as correlações entre as diversas dimensões demográficas, socioeconómicas, historial biológico/clínico e dimensão cognitivo-afetivas e a SM na segunda fase, de “abertura”, do confinamento. Métodos: Foi realizado um questionário online anónimo, com dados recolhidos entre 26 de maio e 4 de julho de 2020, sobre dados demográficos, socioeconómicos, risco percebido, saúde geral, qualidade de vida, preocupação, interferência na vida, satisfação com a vida, felicidade percebida e SM, usando o Inventário de Saúde Mental-5 (MIH-5). Resultados: Embora 300 participantes tenham respondido à secção demográfica e socioeconómica do questionário, apenas 202 responderam à secção de SM neste estudo exploratório. Usando pontuações totais do MHI-5 >52 para baixo distress e >70 para baixa depressão como pontos de corte, mostrámos que a idade avançada estava positivamente associada a melhor SM. Além disso, avaliações positivas mais baixas para a saúde geral e uma maior interferência na vida e na satisfação com a vida foram consideradas preditores de pior SM. Discussão: Durante a segunda fase do confinamento, o impacto das restrições da COVID-19 na SM dependeram da idade do sujeito. Apesar de indivíduos mais velhos apresentarem maior dificuldade no controlo da dor durante o período pandémico, relataram menor preocupação com as despesas diárias e com o futuro e menor interferência das restrições pandémicas na sua atividade laboral e na vida em geral. Independentemente da idade, a saúde mental estava associada à saúde geral autorreportada e à interferência da pandemia na vida e na satisfação com a vida em adultos durante o confinamento devido à COVID-19. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que os indivíduos mais jovens são os mais vulneráveis perante eventos de vida negativos significativos, tais como, a pandemia, e que esta vulnerabilidade aumenta quando os indivíduos têm uma menor capacidade de lidar com a interferência na vida e menor satisfação com a vida devido ao isolamento criado pelo confinamento. Assim, um sistema de saúde pró-ativo que cuide da saúde mental, especialmente entre os jovens, e programas destinados a promover a saúde mental devem ser estabelecidos nas instituições públicas, especialmente nas escolas.

Abstract: Introduction: Research into the first phase of the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy showed an association with an increased susceptibility to adverse mental health (MH) in the general population. We investigated in the same population the correlations between the various demographic, socioeconomic, biological/clinical history and psychological dimensions and MH in the second, “opening-up”, phase of the lockdown. Methods: An anonymous online survey collected data from 26 May to 4 July 2020 on demographic, socioeconomic, perceived risk, general health and quality of life appraisals, worry, interference in life, life satisfaction, perceived happiness and MH by using Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5). Results: Of the 300 participants, only 195 responded to MH questions. Older age was positively associated with better MH (r=.15), as was education (r=.19). A negative correlation with MH, with medium-high effect size, was found with quality of life (r=.40) and health (r=.34) appraisals, and the factors “worry about sustenance” (r=.23) and “interference with life” (r=.32). A positive correlation, with strong effect size, was found between MH and life satisfaction (r=.53) and perception of happiness (r=.64). Discussion: During phase two of the lockdown, rather the real impact of COVID-19 restrictions on employment or economic resources, it was worry about finances that was associated with worse MH. Mental distress was associated with the loss of some positive psychological factors. From a homeostatic and biopsychosocial perspective of MH, life satisfaction and perceived happiness represent important mental resources for counteracting the effects of lockdown on MH.

Objective: To characterize the actions of social movements (MS) in front of Covid-19 in protecting the right to health of people deprived of liberty (PPL). Method: Analysis of documents released from 3/2020 to 1/2021 by MS (Pastoral Carcerária, Justiça Global, Mechanism to Prevent and Combat Torture, ABRASCO); Justice bodies (National Council of Justice, Public Defender's Offices, Public Prosecutor's Office, National Penitentiary Department); scientific entities and international organizations (WHO, FIOCRUZ, UNIFESP, UnB, among others). Results: 77 documents were identified relating to: 1) Extrication measures and inclusion of PPL as priorities for vaccination; 2) Rejection of the use of containers to house infected PPL or risk groups; 3) Suspension of visits, allowing the sending of supplements and postponed return of visits; 4) Revocation of the extinction of EAPs for PPL with mental disorders; 5) Reestablishment of the obligation to send PPL bodies to the Legal Medical Institute for identification, autopsy and issuance of Death Certificate. Conclusions: The analysis shows strong network action by the MS to guarantee the right to health of PPL. These actuations achieved considerable impact in blocking some proposals to set back human rights.

Objetivo: Caracterizar a atuação dos movimentos sociais (MS) frente à Covid-19 na proteção do direito à saúde das pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL). Método: Análise de documentos divulgados de 3/2020 a 1/2021 por MS (Pastoral Carcerária, Justiça Global, Mecanismo de Prevenção e Combate à Tortura, ABRASCO); órgãos da Justiça (Conselho Nacional de Justiça, Defensorias Públicas, Ministério Público, Departamento Penitenciário Nacional); entidades científicas e organizações internacionais (OMS, FIOCRUZ, UNIFESP, UnB, dentre outras). Resultados: Foram identificados 77 documentos relativos a: 1) Medidas desencarceradoras e inclusão das PPL como prioritárias para vacinação; 2) Rejeição do uso de containers para abrigar PPL infectadas ou grupos de risco; 3) Suspensão das visitas, com liberação do envio de suplementos e retorno das visitas postergado; 4) Revogação da extinção das EAPs para PPL com transtorno mental; 5) Restabelecimento da obrigação do envio ao Instituto Médico Legal de corpos de PPL para identificação, necropsia e emissão de Declaração do Óbito. Conclusões: A análise evidencia forte atuação em rede dos MS para garantir o direito à saúde das PPL. As manifestações lograram êxito considerável ao conseguirem bloquear algumas propostas de retrocesso aos direitos humanos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neurological diseases constitute a large proportion of medical emergencies (10%-15%). Knowledge of the distribution of the main neurological conditions both in the emergency room and in hospitalization is necessary. The real distribution of neurological disease treated in a tertiary university hospital in Boyacá can be characterized. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Results: 1203 patients with a mean age of 56.2 (± 21.2) years, most of them male, almost half of them with basic primary education. From a total of 81 diagnoses, the first 12 were characterized clinically and socio demographically, we found that in the emergency department, cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy, headache, polyneuropathy and vertigo prevailed. CONCLUSIONS. The main reasons for consultation were cerebrovascular disease and delirium in the emergency department and hospitalization, respectively, being mainly generated by internal medicine and the intensive care unit.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Las enfermedades neurológicas constituyen gran parte de las urgencias médicas (10 %-15%). Por ende, se hace necesario el reconocimiento de la distribución de las principales condiciones tanto en urgencias como en hospitalización. Se decidió caracterizar la distribución real de la enfermedad neurológica atendida en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en Boyacá. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. RESULTADOS: 1203 pacientes con edad promedio de 56,2 (± 21,2) años, la mayoría de sexo masculino, casi la mitad de ellos nivel de educación básica primaria. De un total de 81 diagnósticos, se caracterizaron clínica y sociodemográficamente los 12 primeros, encontrando que en el área de urgencias prevalece la enfermedad cerebrovascular, epilepsia, cefalea, polineuropatia y vértigo. CONCLUSIONES. Los principales motivos de interconsulta del servicio son la enfermedad cerebrovascular y el delirio en urgencias e internación respectivamente, siendo generadas principalmente por medicina general, medicina interna y unidad de cuidado intensivo.

Resumen Introducción: La prevención, identificación, análisis y reducción de los eventos adversos (EA), son actividades direccionadas a incrementar la seguridad de la atención en el entorno clínico. El estudio de los casos cerrados es una estrategia que permite identificar problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente. En este estudio se analizan eventos adversos conducentes a procesos medicolegales cerrados contra anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia entre 2013-2019. Objetivo: Analizar los eventos adversos en procesos medicolegales cerrados de anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento entre 2013-2019. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizó una muestra a conveniencia en la que se incluyeron todos los casos cerrados en los que anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia fueron objeto de reclamaciones en el período de observación. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la presentación del EA. Resultados: Se analizaron 71 reclamaciones, de las cuales el 33,5 % fueron por EA relacionado con anestesia. Los eventos adversos se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes ASA I-II (78,9 %), y en procedimientos quirúrgicos (95,8 %). El mayor número de eventos adversos se presentó en cirugía plástica (29,6 %); el evento de mayor proporción fue el fallecimiento del paciente (43,7 %). En un importante número de casos se demostró fallos en el registro de la historia clínica e incumplimiento de normas. Conclusiones: En relación con un estudio publicado previamente en la misma población, se encuentra un incremento en los procesos éticos, disciplinarios y administrativos, motivados por eventos sin una relación directa con el acto anestésico. La mayoría de eventos adversos relacionados con anestesia se presentan en procedimientos quirúrgicos, en salas de cirugía, en pacientes y procedimientos catalogados como de bajo riesgo, y son en su mayoría prevenibles.

Abstract Introduction: Prevention, identification, analysis and reduction of adverse events (AEs) are all activities designed to increase safety of care in the clinical setting. Closed claims reviews are a strategy that allows to identify patient safety issues. This study analyzes adverse events resulting in malpractice lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia between 2013-2019. Objective: To analyze adverse events in closed medicolegal lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund between 2013-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Convenience sampling was used, including all closed claims in which anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia were sued during the observation period. Variables associated with the occurrence of AEs were analyzed. Results: Overall, 71 claims were analyzed, of which 33.5% were due to anesthesia-related AEs. Adverse events were found more frequently among ASA I-II patients (78.9%), and in surgical procedures (95.8%). The highest number of adverse events occurred in plastic surgery (29.6%); the event with the highest proportion was patient death (43.7%). Flaws in clinical records and failure to comply with the standards were found in a substantial number of cases. Conclusions: When compared with a previously published study in the same population, an increase in ethical, disciplinary and administrative claims was found, driven by events not directly related to anesthesia. Most of the anesthesia-related events occurred in the operating room during surgical procedures in patients and procedures categorized as low risk, and most of them were preventable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adherence to treatment and level of knowledge in patients with arterial hypertension are key factors to control this condition and avoid complications. Objectives: To determine the degree of adherence to treatment, the level of knowledge and comorbidities in patients with arterial hypertension in an urban area of Asunción, Paraguay, in 2022. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied. Men and women over 18 years of age, known carriers of arterial hypertension, residing in Sajonia neighborhood between May and October 2022, were included. The data were obtained through house-to-house interviews. Demographic variables, the level of adherence with the Morisky Green test and the level of knowledge about the disease with the Batalla test were measured. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: Four hundred twenty-five subjects participated in the study, predominantly female (61.1%). Diabetes mellitus was referred to by 28.9% of the interviewees. The Morisky Green test detected that 60% of the subjects forget to take their medication, 25% do not take it at the indicated time, 29% take it if they feel well, and 44% stop taking it if they feel undesirable effects. The Batalla test found that 7% believe that arterial hypertension is not for life, 9% believe that the condition is not controlled with diet and medication, and 5.8% could not refer to at least one target organ. Conclusion: Adherence to the treatment of arterial hypertension and the level of knowledge about this condition was not adequate.

RESUMEN Introducción: la adherencia al tratamiento y el nivel de conocimientos en pacientes con hipertensión arterial son factores claves para controlar esta afección y evitar complicaciones. Objetivos: determinar el grado de adherencia al tratamiento, el nivel de conocimientos y comorbilidades en pacientes con hipertensión arterial de un área urbana de Asunción, Paraguay, en 2022. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años, conocidos portadores de hipertensión arterial, que residen en el barrio Sajonia entre mayo y octubre del 2022. Los datos fueron obtenidos con entrevistas realizadas casa por casa. Se midieron variables demográficas, el nivel de adherencia con el cuestionario de Morisky Green y el de conocimientos sobre la enfermedad con el cuestionario de Batalla. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: participaron del estudio 425 sujetos, con predominio del sexo femenino (61,1%). La diabetes mellitus fue referida en 28,9% de los entrevistados. El cuestionario de Morisky Green detectó que 60% de los sujetos olvida de tomar su medicación, 25% no la toma en el horario indicado, 29% de la toma si se siente bien y 44% deja de tomarla si siente efectos indeseables. El cuestionario de Batalla halló 7% cree que la hipertensión arterial no es para toda la vida, 9% cree que la afección no se controla con dieta y medicación, y 5,8% no pudo referir al menos un órgano blanco. Conclusión: la adherencia al tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial y el nivel de conocimientos sobre esta afección no fue adecuada.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 na mortalidade das pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) no estado do Rio de Janeiro e comparar as taxas observadas com as da população geral. Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, que associa análise de série histórica 2016-2021 de taxa anual de mortalidade, seccional, comparando 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 e análise de dados individuais obtidos a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias de informação. A razão de mortalidade padronizada entre PPL e população geral foi estimada para os grupos de causa. Série histórica mostrou queda anual (13%) da mortalidade de 2016 a 2019, tendência que se inverteu em 2020 devido à COVID-19, responsável por 20% do total de mortes. Das PPL que morreram por COVID-19, 54,8% eram idosas e/ou portadoras de comorbidade. A mortalidade por COVID-19 foi semelhante entre a PPL e a população geral, mas a mortalidade por tuberculose e HIV permaneceu muito mais elevada entre as PPL. A pandemia foi provavelmente determinante para a reversão da tendência de queda na mortalidade observada entre 2016 e 2019. A utilização da mortalidade como indicador de saúde e direitos humanos nas prisões por órgãos de saúde, justiça e organizações da sociedade civil implica o aprimoramento da informação sobre PPL no SIM.

Abstract Purpose: to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mortality of people deprived of their liberty (PDL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro and compare the rates observed with those of the general population. Method: quantitative, retrospective study combining the analysis of the 2016-2021 time series of annual mortality rates, cross-sectional study comparing 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 and analysis of individual data obtained from primary and secondary sources of information. The standardized mortality ratio between PDL and the general population was estimated for the cause of death categories. Results: historical series showed an annual drop (13%) in mortality from 2016 to 2019, a trend that was inverted in 2020 due to COVID-19, which was responsible for 20% of all deaths. Of the COVID-19 deaths, 54.8% were elderly and/or had co-morbidities. Mortality from COVID-19 was similar between PDL and the general population, but mortality from tuberculosis and HIV remained much higher among PDL. Conclusion: the pandemic was probably a determinant of the downward trend reversal in mortality between 2016 and 2019. Using mortality as an indicator of health and human rights in prisons by health, justice and civil society organizations implies the improvement of information about PDL in the SIM.

Abstract Purpose: to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mortality of people deprived of their liberty (PDL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro and compare the rates observed with those of the general population. Method: quantitative, retrospective study combining the analysis of the 2016-2021 time series of annual mortality rates, cross-sectional study comparing 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 and analysis of individual data obtained from primary and secondary sources of information. The standardized mortality ratio between PDL and the general population was estimated for the cause of death categories. Results: historical series showed an annual drop (13%) in mortality from 2016 to 2019, a trend that was inverted in 2020 due to COVID-19, which was responsible for 20% of all deaths. Of the COVID-19 deaths, 54.8% were elderly and/or had co-morbidities. Mortality from COVID-19 was similar between PDL and the general population, but mortality from tuberculosis and HIV remained much higher among PDL. Conclusion: the pandemic was probably a determinant of the downward trend reversal in mortality between 2016 and 2019. Using mortality as an indicator of health and human rights in prisons by health, justice and civil society organizations implies the improvement of information about PDL in the SIM.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o impacto da COVID-19 na mortalidade das pessoas privadas de liberdade (PPL) no estado do Rio de Janeiro e comparar as taxas observadas com as da população geral. Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo, que associa análise de série histórica 2016-2021 de taxa anual de mortalidade, seccional, comparando 2016-2017 vs. 2020-2021 e análise de dados individuais obtidos a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias de informação. A razão de mortalidade padronizada entre PPL e população geral foi estimada para os grupos de causa. Série histórica mostrou queda anual (13%) da mortalidade de 2016 a 2019, tendência que se inverteu em 2020 devido à COVID-19, responsável por 20% do total de mortes. Das PPL que morreram por COVID-19, 54,8% eram idosas e/ou portadoras de comorbidade. A mortalidade por COVID-19 foi semelhante entre a PPL e a população geral, mas a mortalidade por tuberculose e HIV permaneceu muito mais elevada entre as PPL. A pandemia foi provavelmente determinante para a reversão da tendência de queda na mortalidade observada entre 2016 e 2019. A utilização da mortalidade como indicador de saúde e direitos humanos nas prisões por órgãos de saúde, justiça e organizações da sociedade civil implica o aprimoramento da informação sobre PPL no SIM.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y el VIH son un gran desafío en América Latina, principalmente en Colombia. Para el 2021 se reportaron 17 647 casos, que comparados con el 2019 muestran un incremento del 29.7 %. El objetivo principal de este artículo fue evaluar el conocimiento sobre el VIH y otras ITS en la población adolescente de Colombia. Método: En este estudio participaron un total de 2012 adolescentes colombianos con edades entre los 12 y los 19 años. Se administró la Escala de Conocimientos sobre el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (KSI) y una medida de autoinforme. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un conocimiento general de moderado a bajo (M = 9.90, SD = 4.64) sobre el VIH y otras ITS. Las adolescentes no sabían si un beso con lengua conducía a una infección por el VIH (75 %) o si tanto el anillo vaginal como el DIU eran métodos efectivos para prevenir el VIH/SIDA (82 %). Los resultados mostraron mejores puntuaciones en conocimientos sobre la transmisión del VIH (84 %), pruebas de detección del VIH (66 %) y uso de preservativos para prevenir la infección por el VIH (71 %). Conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento del VIH/ ITS entre ambos sexos, pero los tamaños del efecto fueron pequeños. Por tanto, estas diferencias fueron despreciadas. Este estudio contribuye a comprender el estado del conocimiento y a fortalecer las estrategias de prevención que realizan los profesionales vinculados al campo de la calidad de vida, la educación y la salud sexual en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) -HIV included- are a major problem in Latin America, mainly in Colombia. In 2021, 17647 cases were reported, which compared to the previous year showed an increase of 29.7%. The main aim of this study was to assess the knowledge regarding HIV and other STIs among the adolescent population in Colombia. Method: A total of 2012 Colombian adolescents between 12-19 years of age participated in this study. The HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Knowledge Scale (KSI), a self-report measure, was administered. Results: The results showed moderate to low general knowledge (M = 9.90, SD = 4.64) regarding HIV and other STIs. Adolescents did not know if a tongue-kiss led to an HIV infection (75%), or whether both the vaginal ring and the IUD were effective methods for preventing HIV/AIDS (82%). Results showed better scores in knowledge regarding HIV transmission (84%), HIV testing (66%), and condom use to prevent HIV infection (71%). Conclusions: Significant differences were observed in HIV/STIs knowledge between both sexes, but the effect magnitudes were small. Thus, these differences were neglected. This study contributes to understanding the state of knowledge and strengthening prevention strategies of professionals linked to the field of quality of life, education, and sexual healthcare in Colombia.

Resumen Introducción: El riesgo de suicidio entre anestesiólogos parece ser mayor que el que se presenta en otras especialidades, posiblemente debido al elevado estrés asociado con la especialidad, al fácil acceso a medicamentos potentes y al conocimiento íntimo de cómo usarlos. En Colombia poco se sabe sobre el impacto del suicidio de un colega en un departamento de anestesia y los recursos disponibles para afrontar esta situación. Objetivo: Con esta encuesta se buscó identificar de manera indirecta la frecuencia de suicidio entre anestesiólogos colombianos y las experiencias relacionadas con el suicidio de un colega. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal de tipo encuesta aplicada a todos los anestesiólogos afiliados a la Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación (S.C.A.R.E.) a escala nacional. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de 403 anestesiólogos. Ochenta (19,8 %) participantes indicaron tener conocimiento de la muerte por suicidio de al menos un colega. La mayoría corresponden a anestesiólogos o intensivistas de sexo masculino, y el grupo etario con mayor número de reportes es el de 25 a 29 años para el sexo masculino. El principal mecanismo causal identificado fue la intoxicación por opioides (58,5 %). Conclusiones: En una caracterización indirecta del suicidio en anestesiólogos colombianos se encontraron 99 informes de suicidio reportados por 80 anestesiólogos. El suicidio es prevenible, en los sitios de trabajo deben existir los mecanismos de apoyo para la identificación del estrés laboral, la farmacodependencia, la depresión y el suicidio.

Abstract Introduction The risk of suicide among anesthesiologists seems to be higher than in other areas of specialization, probably because of the significant stress associated with this specialty, easy access to strong medications and the profound knowledge about the use of these drugs. There is a poor knowledge about the impact of suicide on anesthesiologists in Colombia and the resources available to deal with this situation are limited. Objective This survey is intended to indirectly identify the frequency of suicide among the Colombian anesthesiologists and the experiences associated with the suicide of a colleague. Methods Observational, cross-sectional study based on a survey administered to all the anesthesiologists members of the Colombian Society of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (S.C.A.R.E.), at a national scale. Results 403 anesthesiologists completed the survey. Eighty (19.8 %) of the respondents said they were aware of the death of at least one colleague that committed suicide. Most of them are male anesthesiologists or intensivists, and the age group with the highest rate of reports is between 25 - 29 years old in males. The primary causal mechanism was opioid overdose (58.5 %). Conclusions In an indirect characterization of suicide among Colombian anesthesiologists, 99 suicide reports were identified corresponding to 80 anesthesiologists. Suicide is preventable and the worksite should provide the support mechanisms required to identify occupational stress, drug dependence, depression and suicide.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Paciente de 71 años con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular y ataques cerebrovasculares recurrentes, tratada con varios anticoagulantes. El costo del tratamiento del ictus en Colombia para el año 2008 fue de $450.000 millones de pesos colombianos. OBJETIVO: Estimar el costo hospitalario de la atención de un paciente con ictus a repetición secundario a fibrilación auricular. MÉTODOS: Estudio económico parcial de microcosteo de la atención intrahospitalaria para un caso de espectro severo recurrente, que no necesariamente refleja el caso promedio. El consumo de recursos se valoró mediante el uso de tarifas de referencia nacionales. Los resultados se presentan en precios actuales del 2019 (peso colombiano y dólar americano). RESULTADOS: Paciente con 3 eventos hospitalarios, que estuvo 31 días hospitalizada. Las hospitalizaciones tuvieron unos costos de: $53.883.490 (USD 16.141,1), $6.343.096 (USD 1.900,1) y $15.719.443 (USD 4.708,9) respectivamente, con un precio promedio por cada hospitalización de $25.315.343 (USD 7.583,4), costo total de $75.946.029 (USD 22.750,1) costo día de $2.449.872 (USD 729,5). El rubro que aumentó consistentemente los costos fueron los procedimientos (35,7 %). CONCLUSIONES: El ictus recurrente causado por fibrilación auricular no valvular se asocia con un incremento significativo de los costos directos, con un impacto de casi dos veces el PIB per cápita. Un diagnóstico oportuno y una selección adecuada pueden reducirlo.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: A 71-year-old patient with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and recurrent strokes, treated with various anticoagulants, the stroke treatment in Colombia for 2008 was $ 450 billion Colombian pesos. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the hospital cost of caring for a patient with recurrent stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation. METHODS: Partial economic study of micro costing of in-hospital care for a case of recurrent severe spectrum stroke, which does not necessarily reflect the average case. Resource consumption was valued using national reference rates. The results are presented in current 2019 prices (Colombian pesos and US dollars). RESULTS: Patient with 3 hospital events, who was hospitalized for 31 days. Hospitalizations had costs of $ 53,883,490 (USD 16,141.1), $ 6,343,096 (USD 1,900.1) and $ 15,719,443 (USD 4,708.9) respectively, with an average price for each hospitalization of $ 25,315,343 (USD 7,583.4), total cost of $ 75,946,029 (USD 22,750.1) daily cost of $ 2,449,872 (USD 729.5). The item that consistently increased costs was procedures (35.7 %). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent stroke caused by nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is associated with a significant increase in direct costs, with an impact of almost twice the GDP per capita. A timely diagnosis and proper selection can reduce it.

Resumo Introdujo: A ingestao de álcool é condicionada por aspectos individuáis e culturáis. Objetivo: Identificar o efeito de intervencóes realizadas no contexto latino-americano sobre os padróes de consumo ou fatores de risco associados ao consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários. Materiais e Métodos: Revisao sistemática com base na pergunta PICO, realizada de abril a agosto de 2020 nas bases de dados PubMed, CUIDEN, BVS, Scielo, Google Scholar e Government Repositories. Foram utilizados os descritores DeCS e MeSH, em espanhol, ingles e portugués com operadores AND e OR. Critérios de elegibilidade: estudos experimentais e quase-experimentais publicados entre 2014 e 2020. Obtiveram-se 49 artigos, a leitura crítica permitiu selecionar 8, aos quais foram aplicadas as escalas AMSTAR2, TREND e CONSORT, restando 6 artigos para análise. De acordo com a Resolucao 008430/93, artigo 10, foi considerada pesquisa livre de risco. Resultados: Intervencóes unicomponentes relataram efeitos sobre crencas comportamentais, atitudes, conhecimento da substancia, desempenho académico, menor frequéncia de consumo e nao dirigir sob efeito de álcool. As intervencóes multicomponentes reduzem o risco de consumo em 3,03% e relatam uma percepcao positiva quanto a utilidade das atividades realizadas, satisfago das expectativas, satisfago geral, qualidade dos materiais utilizados, assiduidade e pontualidade. Discussáo: Os estudos sugerem a implementacao de novas intervencóes, estratégias e políticas na atencao primária a saúde para promover uma transformacao social, educacional e sanitária que gere impacto favorável para mitigar o problema atual do consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários Conclusóes: Esta revisao sistemática permitiu sintetizar e avaliar as evidencias disponíveis sobre intervencóes unicomponentes e multicomponentes realizadas no contexto latino-americano e caribenho que modificam positivamente os fatores de risco e os padróes de consumo em estudantes universitários.

Abstract Introduction: Individual and cultural aspects condition alcohol intake. Objective: To identify the effect of interventions conducted in Latin America on consumption patterns or associated risk factors for alcohol consumption among young university students. Materials and Methods: Systematic review based on a PICO question. A literature search was conducted from April to August 2020 in PubMed, CUIDEN, BVS, Scielo, Google Scholar, and Governmental Repositories. DeCS and MeSH descriptors in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were used with Boolean operators AND and OR. Eligibility criteria included experimental and quasi-experimental studies published between 2014 and 2020. Forty-nine articles were identified, and critical reading allowed the selection of 8 articles to which the AMSTAR2, TREND, and CONSORT appraisal tools were used, leaving 6 articles for analysis. In accordance with Article 10 of Resolution 008430/93, this was considered risk-free research. Results: Single-component interventions reported effects on behavioral beliefs, attitudes, knowledge of the substance, academic performance, lower frequency of drinking, and not driving under the influence of alcohol. Multicomponent interventions reduced consumption risk by 3.03% and reported positive perceptions regarding the usefulness of activities, expectations fulfillment, overall satisfaction, quality of materials used, attendance, and punctuality. Discussion: The studies suggest implementing new interventions, strategies and policies in primary health to promote a social, educational and health transformation that generate a favorable impact to mitigate the current problem of alcohol consumption in university students. Conclusions: This systematic review made it possible to synthesize and evaluate the available evidence on single- and multicomponent interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean that positively modify risk factors and consumption patterns in young university students.

Resumen Introducción: La ingesta de alcohol está condicionada por aspectos individuales y culturales. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de intervenciones realizadas en el contexto latinoamericano sobre pautas de consumo o factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión sistemática a partir de la pregunta PICO, Se realizó búsqueda desde abril a agosto del 2020 en las bases de PubMed, CUIDEN, BVS, Scielo, Google Scholar y Repositorios Gubernamentales. Se utilizaron descriptores DeCS y MeSH, en español, inglés y portugués con los operadores AND y OR. Criterios de elegibilidad: estudios experimentales y cuasi experimentales publicados entre 2014 y 2020. Se obtuvieron 49 artículos, la lectura crítica permitió seleccionar 8 a los cuales se les aplicaron las escalas AMSTAR2, TREND y CONSORT quedando 6 artículos para análisis. Según la Resolución 008430/93, Artículo 10, se consideró como investigación sin riesgo. Resultados: Intervenciones unicomponente reportaron efectos sobre creencias conductuales, actitudes, conocimiento de la sustancia, rendimiento académico, menor frecuencia de consumo y no conducir bajo efectos del alcohol. Las intervenciones multicomponente disminuyen en 3.03% el riesgo de consumo y reportan percepción positiva respecto a la utilidad de las actividades desarrolladas, satisfacción de expectativas, satisfacción general, calidad de materiales empleados, asistencia y puntualidad. Discusión: Los estudios sugieren implementar nuevas intervenciones, estrategias y políticas en salud primaria para promover una transformación social, educativa y sanitaria qdue generen un impacto favorable para mitigar la problemática actual e consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios. Conclusiones: Esta revisión sistemática permitió sintetizar y valorar la evidencia disponible frente a intervenciones unicomponente y multicomponente realizadas en el contexto latinoamericano y del caribe que modifican positivamente factores de riesgo y pautas de consumo en jóvenes universitarios.

ABSTRACT. The importance of natural resources in Colombia is based on national interests that determine their State institutional integration in favor of their preservation in the face of possible threats. This article analyzes water explicitly, understood as a human right and a strategic resource for the State, to understand the State’s hydrostrategy and its articulation with national defense and security. To this end, the State’s national interests are addressed. The specific interest of the integral management of water resources is analyzed, and the implications of water as a strategic natural resource in the social rule of law. It is concluded that the hydrostrategy provides a protection approach to the new threats to this resource, in articulation with the military strategy.

RESUMEN. La importancia de los recursos naturales en Colombia determina su integración institucional en el Estado desde los intereses nacionales, en pro de su preservación ante eventuales amenazas. Este artículo analiza específicamente el agua, entendida como derecho humano y recurso estratégico para el Estado, con el fin de comprender la hidroestrategia del Estado y su articulación con la defensa y seguridad nacional. Para ello se abordan los intereses nacionales del Estado, para luego analizar el interés específico de la gestión integral del recurso hídrico, así como las implicaciones del agua como recurso natural estratégico en el Estado social de derecho. Se concluye que la hidroestrategia brinda un enfoque de protección frente a las nuevas amenazas a este recurso, en articulación con la estrategia militar.

Resumen El indicador del costo por estudiante es utilizado para medir la eficiencia de los procesos educativos en la mayoría de los países. En Costa Rica, se han realizado esfuerzos por establecer una metodología común que permita la comparación entre universidades estatales, tarea que todavía no está concluida. Este artículo pretende brindar una cifra aproximada del costo por estudiante de una de las universidades estatales, la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), tomando como referencia la documentación al respecto y utilizando la información suministrada por la Oficina de Control de Presupuesto de la institución. Los resultados indican que, en la UNED, el costo anual por estudiante como porcentaje del PIB per cápita es de 18.35% para el año 2018 y un 87.6% del FEES total destinado a la institución en ese mismo año.

Abstract The indicator of expenditure per student is used to measure the efficiency of educational processes in most countries. In Costa Rica, efforts have been made to establish a common methodology that allows comparison between state universities: a task that has not yet been completed. This article aims to provide an approximate figure of the cost per student a Costa Rican public university, the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), taking as reference the related available documents and using the information provided by the budget control office of the institution. The results indicate that, at UNED, the expenditure per student as a percentage of GDP per capita is 18,35% for 2018 and 87,6% of the total FEES allocated to the institution in that year.

ABSTRACT Technological development has led to the mass production of electronic devices, which have a negative impact on human health and the environment. The disposal and replacement of devices generates a large amount of electronic waste, which contributes to the accumulation of technological waste around the world, which shows the importance of adopting measures and good practices in the management of such waste. This article presents reflections on the integral management of electronic waste, from an analytical-comparative perspective of several countries, with the purpose of making visible the tension between technological and economic development with environmental sustainability, knowing good practices adopted by Latin American countries that have implemented regulations to prevent negative impact. It is concluded that, to mitigate this damage, the participation of society is required, implement environmental education measures and the creation of specialized centers for the handling and disassembly of electronic waste.

RESUMEN El desarrollo tecnológico ha dado lugar a la producción masiva de dispositivos electrónicos, que provocan un impacto negativo en la salud humana y el medio ambiente. El desecho y reemplazo de dispositivos genera gran cantidad de basura electrónica, que contribuye a la acumulación de residuos tecnológicos alrededor del mundo, lo que evidencia la importancia de adoptar medidas y buenas prácticas en el manejo de dichos residuos. Este artículo presenta reflexiones sobre la gestión integral de basura electrónica, desde una perspectiva analítica-comparativa de varios países, con el propósito de hacer visible la tensión entre el desarrollo tecnológico y económico con la sostenibilidad ambiental, y conocer buenas prácticas adoptadas por países latinoamericanos que han implementado normativa para prevenir el impacto negativo. Se concluye que, para mitigar este daño, se requiere la participación de la sociedad, implementar medidas de educación ambiental, y la creación de centros especializados para el manejo y desmontaje de residuos electrónicos.